Account for the failure of both the Power Sharing Executive and the Northern Ireland Assembly essays

Account for the failure of both the Power Sharing Executive and the Northern Ireland Assembly essays Account for the failure of both the Power Sharing Executive and the Northern Ireland Assembly To account for such a failure in the power-sharing executive it is necessary for one to look at the structure and the organisation of the Assemblies as well as assessing its aims and directives as well as to examine the time scale to which this has taken place. My intention is to examine from the mid-seventies to the present day and all the questions that these many and various initiatives have raised. The power-sharing executive was the first and last examples of home rule since the collapse of During this last period the establishment of Stormont lasted from 1973 to 1974. The aim of the British Government was to return the province to an eventual devolution. The issue of direct rule was to be only a temporary measure whilst the relevant sides talked it out at the negotiating table looking for a form of political settlement. Essentially the main elements that both parties were looking for was to guarantee that the province remained a part of the United Kingdom as long as the majority deem that wish . Proportional Representation was held in order to elect the new seventy-eight Northern Irish Assembly. The two most contentious issue of all the issues of were the issue of institutionalised power sharing and that of the establishment of the Council of Ireland, which had, a direct input into the system of governance as well as a probable oversight into linking the whole system into the Irish political system, therefore adding an Irish dimension to the proceedings in order to placate republican feelings and sentiment. The executive failed on a series of levels due to the various claimed inconsistency by both sides. But one must really accredit claim to the Unionists for mobilising the populace with the help of the paramilitaries in organising strikes and protest mar...

Thanksgiving Thoughts About Expressing Gratitude

Thanksgiving Thoughts About Expressing Gratitude One of the most famous Aesops tales of gratitude is the Lion and Androcles. Androcles, a slave who was wandering in a forest, chanced upon an injured lion, which had a huge thorn stuck inside its paw. Androcles helped the lion by removing the thorn and gave the lion a new lease of life. Later, Androcles was captured, and thrown in a dungeon with a hungry lion. The lion rushed towards its victim, but it soon realized that Androcles was the same man who saved its life in the forest. The lion did not attack the slave. Instead, it licked his face like a pet dog and showered the slave with love. Thats a simple story of gratitude that we tell our kids to remind them about the importance of gratitude. Dietrich BonhoefferIn ordinary life we hardly realize that we receive a great deal more than we give, and that it is only with gratitude that life becomes rich.Gerald GoodIf you want to turn your life around, try thankfulness. It will change your life mightily. But how many of us truly remember to express gratitude? In the daily humdrum of life, you forget to thank the neighbor who keeps a watch on your kids when you need to be away at work. You forget to thank the teacher, who stays back after school to help you with your school projects. You fail to express gratitude to your parents, who have immensely contributed all through your life. And who remembers to thank the librarian, the banker, the plumber, or the garbage pickup truck driver? Gratitude should not be merely customary politeness. It should reflect a deep humility and love that we feel towards one another. Saying, thank you is just the beginning of expressing gratitude. To make gratitude go a long way, you should give back in any way possible. Just like the lion in the story. George CanningWhen our perils are past, shall our gratitude sleep?William C. SkeathThis is the finest measure of thanksgiving: a thankfulness that springs from love.W. T. PurkiserNot what we say about our blessings, but how we use them, is the true measure of our thanksgiving. Being thankful has many benefits. A thankful heart has no place for arrogance, resentment, jealousy, or anger. You will often find that people who express genuine gratitude have a pleasant and amiable personality. When you express gratitude, you make friends. When gratitude is accompanied by a generous word of praise or two, relationships thrive. Also, a grateful person can hope to gain more favors in the future from his generous friends. Basil CarpenterThank God every day when you get up that you have something to do that day which must be done whether you like it or not. Being forced to work and forced to do your best will breed in you temperance and self-control, diligence and strength of will, cheerfulness and content, and a hundred virtues which the idle will never know.Noel SmithGratitude is not a spiritual or moral dessert which we may take or push away according to the whims of the moment, and in either case without material consequences. Gratitude is the very bread and meat of spiritual and moral health, individually and collectively. What was the seed of disintegration that corrupted the heart of the ancient world beyond the point of divine remedy...? What was it but ingratitude? The story of gratitude in Aesops fable about the lion and the slave is a moral lesson where kindness and generosity triumphs. Even today, when the world is plagued by natural calamities people rise above these challenges with kindness. Teach your kids the importance of gratitude with these Thanksgiving thoughts. Sow the seed of gratitude in their heart early in life, so that they can grow up to be humble and appreciative human beings. Charles Haddon SpurgeonYou say, If I had a little more, I should be very satisfied. You make a mistake. If you are not content with what you have, you would not be satisfied if it were doubled.Henry ClayCourtesies of a small and trivial character are the ones which strike deepest in the grateful and appreciating heart.

Utilitarian Conservation or Preservation Movement Essay

Utilitarian Conservation or Preservation Movement - Essay Example Key among such scholars is Rachel Carson who in her book Silent Spring explores the possible ways of safeguarding the future of biodiversity in the country. Key among her fundamental suggestions is utilitarian conservation, which she explains has the potential of saving the country’s biodiversity future as the discussion below portrays. In the book, Carson argues the human activities continue to threaten the future of wild animals. She studies the detrimental effects that pesticides have on birds thereby arguing that the continued use of such powerful biocides threatens the future of birds in the world. Birds are among the most varied animals in the world. Their large number and diversity in species makes documenting them difficult. Despite such, the continued use of pesticides on farms as humans continue to invent new ways of protecting their crops in the fields is among the leading threats globally to the future of numerous species of birds. A fundamental argument she makes in the book is that the pests continue to mutate thereby becoming resistant to the pesticides. This will therefore create a unique scenario where the pesticides kill all the birds while such diseases as malaria continue to persist thereby causing deaths to humans. She therefore suggests other appropriate ways of coexisting between humans and w ild animals in a manner that limits the conflicts arising from such relationships. Wildlife is important aspects of the ecosystem. Wildlife enhances the stability of the ecosystem and the elimination of any species of wildlife will have diverse effects on the environment. Among the factors that enhance the conflict just as stated earlier is overpopulation. This compels humans to rehabilitated areas previously occupied by the wild animals. Among the immediate ramifications of such is the restructuring of the environment, which causes numerous

Joan Robertson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Joan Robertson - Essay Example This paper will look at some of her contributions, and how they impact the lives of modern economists presently. One of the main contributions by Joan Robinson in economics was made in monetary economics. In this contribution, it is believed that Robinson showed a deep understanding of the complexities that face the financial world. In her works in monetary economics, she provided the world, and especially developing worlds, with a comprehensive and original analysis on the links that envelop the macroeconomy and the financial system (Thomas 34). Economists and people studying the economy are able to learn a lot about money, finance, and the credit system that is present in every economy. The structure of interest rates is described in most of her works which allow even the most average of person(s) to comprehend the nature of the financial system, hence; become better at dealing with money and the financial sector. In another area, she is attributed with starting a battle against neoclassical economics. In this war, it is believed that Robinson led people to understand microeconomics and the functioning of the capital theories that existed. The reason why she decided to start this was because of the manner in which the much younger economists in the region could alter their models to suit the political desires and moods present in the different regions. In this contribution into the field of economics, Robinson led people into understanding the Keynes school of thought by trying to bring out the aspect of employment during the Great Depression in the 1930s (Aslanbeigui and Oakes 46). She immersed herself in the works of Keynes, bringing to life Keynes’s General Theory despite having had success in her previously done works. Lastly, it would be worthwhile to mention that Robinson’s love for economics led to the origin of countless books that discuss the nature and standing of the

EC3--Movie, book, TV show, or song Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

EC3--Movie, book, TV show, or song - Essay Example Hunt Stevenson, the plants now former foreman, travels all the way to Tokyo in an attempt to convince the corporation to restart operations on the Hadleyville Plant. Owing to the desperate nature of the laborers, the corporation agrees to reopen the plant, but institutes changes that drastically affect the workers. The new contracts that the workers are issued clearly contradict the law. This movie is relevant to the topic, contract law, by virtue of highlighting the various issues that are associated with contract law. In the movie, the corporation’s management decided to change elements of their contracts with their workers, making the working conditions literally unbearable. The workers are denied the right to a union, receive lower pay rates than before, each have to learn all the jobs within the factory and are supposed to meet quality standards that are virtually impossible. The management later on decides to loosen up on the standards and harsh regulations that govern the workers on a day-to-day

Crisis of Low Morale in Nursing Staff

Crisis of Low Morale in Nursing Staff Introduction of Firm This case study describes Los Rayos a medical center that is in a nurse crisis not only for their high turn over rate but for their low morale among its nursing staff. Although the hospital works diligently to provide quality care to its patients it is failing in many areas due to understaffed and overworked nursing staff. Mandated to keep up government regulations, the hospital understands the importance of not compromising quality even though it has had to minimize quantity in staff. The hospital requires nurses to come up with strategies to be implemented to help improve not only working conditions and quality control but patient care and ideas to help increase personal job performance. Over the last eight years the hospital has enforced some of the changes suggested but it finds itself still with the issue of nurses who feel that they are overextending themselves. Nursing staff is still in the position of trying to keep up with the demand of continuous educational conditioning an d development while performing on the job tasks in addition to extra curricular activities. Overview of Firm Competitive Advantage In order to have a firm competitive advantage an organization has to possess something unique that its competition does not have. What makes one different from another? This question is what separates groups and classes and makes one stand out among the rest. At Los Rayos they have qualified staff just not enough of it. Partnering with another major medical facility was a good business move as it can serve the purpose of showing Los Rayos ways it can improve on its functions within the facility. A normal turnover rate for hospitals is at 14% while Los Rayos is at 21%. Changes in an industry can affect bases and balance among it (Porter, 1985). Job satisfaction will make the difference on the advantage another medical facility will gain when nurses are looking upon where they would like to settle for a career. Some nurses will take a salary cut or drive further in order to work within a medical facility that offers them more than an opportunity to use their credentials. As the medical environment is forever changing one thing that may give a hospital a firm competitive advantage would be their values. Having an expectation of learning within the organization lets nursing staff know that they will be encouraged and required to continue to advance in their field and stay current on all resources and advancements in medicine. Having a competitive advantage means that you make it more difficult for competition and shake up the level playing field. According to Michael Porter (1985), if an organization can achieve and maintain differentiation they will be an above average performer in their industry and exceed competition. In order to be successful in this strategy Los Rayos will have to identify attributes and qualities among their nursing staff that are different from their rivals who are the organizations who benefit from their high turnover rate. They need to identify the factors that contribute the turnovers and come up solutions to keep nursing staff from leavi ng and also keep staff happy on the job. Problem statement The problem with Los Rayos medical facility is management does not resourcefully use staff, which leads to a high number in turnovers. The facility is understaffed and overworked and they promoted housekeepers to health techs and provided no skill training leaving nurses to double work as they would need to perform the patient care tasks that the health techs: were promoted to do. The hospital also dropped moral amongst staff as they took away appreciation events such as the employee picnic and Christmas party that gives staff something to look forward to every year. It is highly noted that when employees feel they are appreciated on the job it reflects in their job performance. The hospital reduced its nursing staff to double patients per nurse and increased shifts from 8 hour to 12 hour. This tedious and exhausting work schedule not only creates a hostile work environment as staff are reluctant to go the extra mile or over achieve for patients and colleagues. The hospital requires a lot from its nursing staff and where a raise or an on the job leisure activity would have compensated for the tedious job detail, management has taken those tokens away. Alternative Solutions/Opportunities a.) Create a rewards system to retain staff -there should be a work environment where staff have materials and training to properly perform tasks and should be awarded for productive performance. Evaluations should be done quarterly on staff to review job performance and adhere to what can be done better but also praise what has been done successfully. During this process not only is staff being rewarded for their accomplishments but also they acquire new knowledge and education that helps expand their skill and personal development. i) Build moral in the workplace ii) Cause discord among staff b.) Regular Shifts- Staff has become overwhelmed by the hours they spend on the job. If they had shorter shifts they would have time to reprogram and detox and come back refreshed eliminating turnover and burnouts i.) Gives staff a chance to unwind from a days work and not have to report right back for duty ii) Staff may call out or take more time off with shorter shifts Decision and Support In order to create a work environment that constantly develops nurses skills so that they can efficiently perform job tasks management needs to create a rewards system to help retain staff. Management has to recognize the nurses core commitment is to provide quality care to their patients and they need to help reduce job related stress by ensuring that supporting staff such as health techs are properly trained and skilled in work related duties. Nurses need to feel important, valued, and appreciated by their organization, as they love their job and they just want working conditions to improve. Action Plan Moving to implement the rewards system and shorter shifts for staff should take place immediately to ensure that staff understands management understands their concerns and have worked to rectify their issues. To implement successful changes, management must play an active role in the entire change process. It is the managers responsibility to understand how to address and put the change into action along with properly overseeing resistance from the staff. It is the managers responsibility to understand how to address and put the change into action along with properly overseeing resistance from the staff. Identifying potential risks, anticipating risks, estimating impact of risks, and managing risks successfully are all accomplishments and work towards building moral and retention. Scundra (2016) explained the importance of leaders understanding how to deal with different people and personalities hence the importance of the quarterly evaluations so management can provide feedback to each nurse and staff member personally. Once nursing staff feels compensated for their diligent work they will be eager to preform on the job and happy to work at Los Rayos now and in the future. REFERENCES Drucker,P. (2009). Management Cases.New York, NY. Harper Collins Publisher Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive Advantage . Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance , 1-30. Retrieved January 22, 2017. Sacndura, T. A. (2016). Essentials of Organizational Behavior. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Neuroplasticity and Justice Essay -- Neuroplasticity and the Law

Justice is often thought of in nebulous terms. As such, it is often viewed through a philosophical lens. Indeed, justice has been examined by prominent philosophers such as John Rawls and Friedrich Hayek. Often regarded as a â€Å"soft science,† the idea of justice finds itself the subject of a theoretical framework rather than of scientific study. Despite this theoretical view, much of the theory surrounding justice seeks to determine the causes for a given type of behavior. These theories discuss which penological methods work to correct these behaviors. However, the theory that one can modify his or her brain in order to create new behaviors exists within the scientific biological/psychological realm. By contrast, there are those who believe that the brain is stagnant for most of the human lifespan. This paper will argue two points. First, emotional connotations associated with justice are synonymous with neurology and cognitive functioning, thus solidifying the need for an examination of justice within a biological context. Second, although justice has practical applications as a philosophical construct, it should be examined through the biological lens of neuroplasticity and the human propensity for change. Although justice is often examined philosophically, the theories behind the collective understanding of justice are largely psychological. For example, when examining introductory criminal justice literature, one may discover that behaviorism is discussed. Behaviorism hinges on operant conditioning. Operant conditioning suggests behavior is more likely to occur when it is reinforced with reward and less likely to occur when it is punished (Fuller, 2010, p. 90). This reasoning is consistent with common ret... ...rrents. (2nd ed., Vol. 1, p. 90-91). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Jackman, T. (2012, February 27). Family still seeks justice in "friendly fire" death. The Washington Post, p. A1. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.consortiumlibrary.org/docview/923517276 Volkow, N. D. United States Department of Health and Human Services, (2008). Neuroscience blueprint promotes efficiency, synergy. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/nida-notes/2008/06/neuroscience-blueprint-promotes-efficiency-synergy Welke, J. R. (1978). Incarceration: A national policy issue. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 1(5), 5-6. doi: 10.1177/104398627800100105 Wenzel, M., Okimoto, T. G., Feather, N. T., & Platow, M. J. (2008). Retributive and restorative justice. Law and Human Behavior, 32(5), 375-389. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/stable/25144639

Small and Medium Scale Mining

PROJECT TOPICÂ   :Â  SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA (A Case Study of Cassava Processing Industry) PROJECT PROPOSAL BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Interest in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and their contribution in the development process continue to be in the forefront of policy debates in developing countries.The advantages claimed for SMEs are various, including: the encouragement of entrepreneurship; the greater likelihood that SMEs will utilise labour intensive technologies and thus have an immediate impact on employment generation; they can usually be established rapidly and put into operation to produce quick returns. SME development can encourage the process of both inter- and intra-regional decentralisation; and, they may well become a countervailing force against the economic power of larger enterprises.More generally the development of SMEs is seen as accelerating the achievement of wider economic and socio-economic objec tives, including poverty alleviation. Staley and Morse (1965) identify a ‘developmental approach’ to SME promotion which has as its objective the creation of ‘economically viable enterprises which can stand on their own feet without perpetual subsidy and can make a positive contribution to the growth of real income and therefore to better living levels’.This approach emphasises the importance of efficiency in new SMEs. Small producers must be encouraged to adopt new methods, move into new lines of production and in the long-run, wherever feasible, they should be encouraged to become medium- or even large-scale producers. The presidential Initiative on Cassava Production and Export has increased the awareness amongst Nigerians of the industrial crop, popularly referred to as the ‘new black gold’.Started in July 2004, the initiative seeks to generate $5 billion in export revenue. Fortunately, Nigeria, according to the Food and Agricultural Organi sation, FAO, in its 2004 report, is currently the largest producer of cassava in the world at 34 million tons yearly, but with a poor yield of an average of 10 tons per hectare over an estimated cultivated land size of three million hectares.Nigeria is closely followed by Brazil and Thailand, which have a capacity to produce 24 million tons and 20 million tons and a yield of 13. 6 tons per hectare and 19. 4 tons per hectare respectively. Unfortunately, experts at the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, IITA, Ibadan, Oyo State, believe that up to half of the harvested cassava is wasted by production and post-harvest inefficiencies while the rest is consumed as food.Brazil and Thailand, which rarely consume the cassava products directly, have fully developed the cassava industry for the export market. | | Nigeria should not focus on the exportation of cassava but develop the enormous local and regional markets for cassava that exist in the country, West African sub-regio n and Africa as a whole rather than start exporting the industrial raw material to Europe. Nigerians should be encouraged to add value and process them for industrial application.The main thrust of this research work shall focus on the development of small and medium scale enterprises in the cassava processing industry justifying the need for agro-processing industries that convert cassava fresh tubers into primary cassava-based commodities that are tradable in domestic and international markets. STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM The Small Scale Industry is acknowledged to have huge potential for employment generation and wealth creation in any economy. Yet in Nigeria, the sector has stagnated and remains relatively small in terms of its contribution to GDP or to gainful employment.Activity mix in the sector is also quite limited – dominated by import dependent processes and factors. Although there is no reliable data, imprecise indicators show that capacity utilization in th e sector has improved perceptibly in the period since 1999, but the sector is still faced with a number of constraints with lack of credit availability as the principal constraint. Credit is the largest element of risk in the books of most banks and failures in the management of credit risk have led to the weakening individual banks and in some cases the banking system as a whole, have contributed, to many episodes of financial instability.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main purpose of this study is to identify and consequently analyze the most effective and efficient way through which small scale enterprises could be financed and promoted, thereby taking into consideration various conditions such as economic, political, social, psychological e. t. c under which small-scale enterprises are encouraged to operate with particular reference to the cassava processing industry in Nigeria. In so doing, the researcher intends giving an in-depth information and analysis on the various strategie s through which small-scale enterprises can be developed and encouraged.In view of the above, the researcher intends to find out the following: (i) The role played by government towards promotion and development of small-scale enterprises in Nigeria. (ii) To identify the economic potential of small-scale enterprises in the cassava processing industry. (iii) To identify the constraints confronting the development of small-scale enterprises in the cassava processing industry in Nigeria. (iv) To examine the financial support given to SMEs in Nigeria. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The study would examine the following questions: 1.What role does the government play in the promotion and development of small-scale enterprises in the cassava processing industry in Nigeria? 2. What impact do small and medium scale enterprises make to Nigeria’s economic growth? 3. What are the constraints confronting the development of small-scale enterprises in the cassava processing industry in Nigeria? 4. Wha t is the trend of the financial support given to SMEs in Nigeria? RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES OF DATA The two main research methods to be used are survey research and content analysis.Survey research method is used to study variables and their relationship as related to human observation and opinions about their experience as it concerns the subject matter of study. Interview schedules shall be applied to some operators while the questionnaire schedule shall be applied to some small-scale entrepreneurs. The data, which would be collected from the questionnaire, will be analysed using the simple percentage method and chi-square, goodness of fit. This will make the analysis of the data more concise and simple. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF STUDY This research covers the area of promoting small and medium scale enterprises n the cassava processing industry, paying attention to the role of the government and other external factors that can affect positively the development of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. The research intends to study the essential problems encountered by small and medium scale operators in the cassava processing industry and suggest ways by which they can be adequately and efficiently financed and promoted. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Small and medium scale enterprises in Africa rely largely on own savings, not only to grow but also to innovate.Firms often need real services support and formal finance assistance, failing which under-investment in long term capabilities (training and R & D) may result, (Oyelaran, 2003). Besides finance, there are critical elements (including: knowledge, skills and experience of staff; capacity and quality of internal facilities; information and knowledge of market; intellectual and managerial leadership; external infrastructure and the incentive system at the micro and macro levels) that are lacking within technology support institutions themselves.These undermine the effectiveness of their support to SMEs. This study is significant because it would help to evaluate the operations of a vital segment of the industrial sector – small and medium scale industries, which have been identified as having very high potential in promoting economic growth and development. The evaluation shall be done with special focus on the small and medium operators in the cassava processing industry in Nigeria thereby adding to the existing literature on the subject matter.OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS In Chapter one, which is the introductory part; the background of the study, the statement of the research problem, the objectives of the study and the methodology to be adopted shall be discussed. Chapter two will deal with the literature review. The methodology analysis and theoretical framework shall be examined in chapter three.Data presentation, analysis and interpretation will be covered in chapter four while the concluding part of the research work will be chapter five where in a nutshell the summa ry, the conclusion and the recommendations would be discussed. REFERENCES Staley E. and Morse R. (1965) Modern Small-Scale Industry for Developing Countries. London: McGraw-Hill Publishing. Oyelaran O. (2003) Financing and Development of Small-sale industries in Nigeria. Central Bank of Nigeria Economic and Financial Review. 24(4), December.

bootlegger essays

bootlegger essays Bootleggers in the 1920s were very powerful people who illegally distributed or produced liquor and many other high priced goods. The name Bootlegger, was adopted by Midwest travelers in the 1880s because they would hide their liquor in their boots when trading with Indians. In the early 1900s, bootleggers successfully defeated many early attempts by the government to regulate the liquor business by taxation. In 1920, congress passed the 18th amendment, which prohibited the sale of alcohol, also known as the prohibition era. Bootlegging became a profitable source of income, and as a result, bootleggers gained enormous power and wealth during this era. In Bigger cities like Chicago, tremendous industries were created around illegal liquor and beer sales creating organized crime. The demand for alcohol gave bootleggers, many of whom were gangsters, much wealth and power. The public turned to these gangsters who eagerly supplied them with alcohol. Many bootleggers would bribe high political figures, securing there illegal business. More gangsters emerged in the money making business as the industry became more and more profitable. People started buying alcohol from the black market and in pubs known as "Speakeasies". people were willing to pay big money for this, and the bootlegging business became more complex. Bootleggers organized themselves into alliances and cartels that could control their activities. Corruption spread like a virus into the public and law and order began to break down creating murders to rise. The bootlegging business was so big at the time, many rival gangs were competing with each other for money. As the prohibition era went on, fewer and fewer people were controlling the money made by bootlegging. Al Capone, Bugs Moran, and the Obanions, made most of the bootlegging money They were above the law it seemed and powerful figures and had influence over la ...

Animal Symbolism in Aesops Fables essays

Animal Symbolism in Aesop's Fables essays Since the dawn of time, man and animal have been intertwined. We have defended ourselves against lions and wolves, we have hunted birds and fish for food and we have domesticated oxen and horses to plow our fields. All civilizations have been in some way connected to the animal world. It is a theme that runs the course of humanity. This common thread allows authors to reach audiences in ways that would be simply impossible with human protagonists. Animals are universal symbols, common to all of mankind. In her book, Talking Animals, Jan Ziolkowski asserts that Taken as a group, animals represent a language common to all people. All cultures incorporate animals into their history and folklore. Obviously, each of these cultures regards different animals with different connotations and associations. But animals have earned their universal status not because they are so much the same the world over but because people are so much the same; for most animals in fiction are not portrayed rea listically but instead are anthropomorphized. Regardless of their species, they are given human characteristics, motivations and behavior. (Ziolkowski, 1993). In Animal Lore in English Literature, P. Ansell Robin says that, This interpretation of the animal world gave rise to a distinct form of literature which originated in the oral tradition of many primitive peoples. (Robin, 1932) Today, animal literature is most closely associated with the beast fable or, as it is more commonly known: the fable. A beast fable is an account of a fictional event involving animal characters that is followed by an explicit moral exposition. (Ziolkowski, 1993) Nowadays, fables are viewed merely as childhood curiosities. They are thought of as simple childrens stories and nothing more. Throughout history however, the fable has served many purposes. Perhaps the most important of all these roles has been the use of fabl...

International Organizations and Ecological Security Essay

International Organizations and Ecological Security - Essay Example The mandates of the international organizations are determined by the member states (Michael and Finnemore 699). Nevertheless, differences in power control and resources among the member states are always evident, and some countries, for various reasons, are more successful in placing and pushing for their own interests and policy preferences on the policy agendas of international organizations than others are. After their establishment, many international organizations lose focus on the primary goals and mandates they were meant to address and exercise their authority independently in a manner unplanned and unimagined by member states at inception, which results in proclivity for dysfunctional, sometimes pathological, actions and conduct. International organizations act as a mechanism for the implementation and accomplishment of the collective aims and policies desired by the members, they often organize the arenas or forums within which interrelationships among member countries are discussed and pursued, and occasionally, they act as independent actors in the international arena (Michael and Finnemore 701). Today, international organizations have progressively evolved to be entrusted with roles that were conventionally performed by sovereign states. International organizations are sometimes faced with bureaucracy and other problems associated with social institutionalism that gives them authority and autonomy from the countries that established them, and channels that authority and autonomy in specific directions. Bureaucracies in international organizations are ubiquitous. Bureaucratic rules guide the actions of actors both within and outside the international organizations. Within the organization, they are the criterions that let the international organizations respond more effectively and efficiently to the needs and demands of a situation or circumstance. However, bureaucracies frequently establish rules and rubrics that set the behavior, actions and con duct of others, for instance countries in conflict, countries hosting refugees or indebted states. These rules usually contour how bureaucrats view the global affairs and how they perceive the problems and challenges facing them; they define, classify and organize the world (Michael and Finnemore 710). Bureaucrats employ their rules to aid in creating or constituting the social world and inclined to make their intervention in the world affairs easy and pliable. For instance, they delineate common international tasks such as development, establish and outline new groups of actors such as immigrants and refugees, develop novel interests for actors such as upholding human rights, and spread principles of political organization globally, such as markets and democracy (Michael and Finnemore 711). Nevertheless, these rules and powers that characterize bureaucracies and make international organizations powerful can similarly make them unresponsive to the requirements of the global environm ents, due to obsession with their bureaucratic rules neglecting their primary missions, and eventually resulting in dysfunctional, self-defeating behavior. This is also because their authority and powers are autonomous of the policies and interests of nations that establish them. International organizations can be theorized using two broad approaches: the economistic and sociological ones. The economistic approach is founded on concerns about instrumental rationality and efficiency

Implication of Dicey's Definition on the Rule of Law Essay

Implication of Dicey's Definition on the Rule of Law - Essay Example Implication of Dicey’s definition on the ‘rule of law’; The implication of Dicey definition can be explained in three-fold: to prevent state from harassing citizens by means passing dubious laws, to exude the notion that everyone is equal in the eyes of the law and finally to protect the rights of the common citizen by limiting action of the state2. The role of prerogative powers was to offer flexible remedies where common law failed. This is due the rigidity of the common law3. In today’s world the control of exercise of the prerogative powers is normally exercised by way of judicial review4. Since there is no codification of the prerogative powers, the judicial officers through the judicial review process have become the final arbiters in determining what actually forms the prerogative powers. It is also concerned with checking the extent to which such powers are used (Pollard D et. Al 2007 p 42). In the enjoyment of prerogative powers it is important tha t these powers are actually defined and given a scope that is quite free from discretionary interpretation as this brings about a lot of inconsistency in interpretation of the law (Brayzer R, 1999 p 339). The English courts have given a wide interpretation of prerogative. In a decision in the case R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Northumbria Police Authority5 prerogative powers was taken to mean doing whatever was necessary in order to avert what is considered threat to peace. The Dicey construction or rule of law makes every citizen have equal rights in the eyes of the law (Dicey A.V 1959 p 424). Upholding this, Lord Denning in the English case of Gourriet v. HM Attorney General6 stated that â€Å"Be you ever so high, the law is above you. The Attorney General has no prerogative to dispense with or suspend the law of England." This is always the prima facie stand in terms of being equal in the eyes of the law (Pollard D et. Al 2007 p 42). This has raised se veral debates. When we say equality before the law should mean that no one has special treatment yet at the same time the prerogative powers are enjoyed only by the Crown7. The scope and general prerogative powers It is quite difficult to actually and narrowly determine the province of prerogative powers8. Prerogative powers exist by the dint of common law. No new prerogatives can be established (Pollard D et. Al. 2007 p 82) . However, prerogatives can be abolished through enactment of statutes. Prerogative has to be exercised in accordance with the statute. This was shown in R v. Secretary of State for Fire Department ex parte Fire Brigade Union9. This case showed that there was no prerogative to deviate from what the statute clearly stated. Here the secretary of state was precluded from implementing another statutory in lieu of the one that the statute had provided for. The prerogative powers exists in the form of the Crowns powers to appoint the Prime Minister, the power of Royal mercy among others. Historical origin and developments In the history the prerogative were vested on the King or the Crown. The King then delegated the judicial powers to the judicial officers who then who exercised the prerogative on the behalf of the Crown. The constitutional Convention is the rules that are used for determining the mode in Crown exercises its discretionary powers. These discretionary pow